Ted Bundy Essay Example For Students

Ted Bundy Essay Ted Bundys Trail of Terror From the Beginning of Taking Life Until The End of His Serial executioners will in general be white hetero guys in their twenties and thirties. While it is difficult to anticipate who will end up being a sequential executioner there are attributes that seem, by all accounts, to be comparative in all executioners. These practices incorporate cold-bloodedness to creatures, bedwetting, lying, medication and liquor misuse, and a past filled with viciousness. As per Robert Ressler et al., sequential crime includes the homicide of isolated of independent casualties with time breaks between casualties, as negligible as two days to weeks or months. These time breaks are alluded to as a chilling period. Since manslaughters including various casualties is bit by bit getting progressively ordinary, and to encourage a comprehension of the previously mentioned definition, it is useful to separate sequential homicide from different kinds of homicide, for example, mass ho micide, which involves,four or more casualties killed inside a brief timeframe range, and binge killings, which Ressler et al. characterizes as a progression of successive manslaughters associated with one occasion submitted over a timeframe of hours to days and without a chilling period. Ted Bundy is one of the most noticeably awful sequential executioners ever. His solitary character and insane character made him dreaded the nation over. After everything was said and done Ted abandoned a path of wicked slayings that incorporated the passings of 36 young ladies and crossed through four states. The greatest inquiry in numerous people groups mind was how might someone be able to as intelligent,highly practiced, and commended as Bundy do something like this? Theodore Robert Bundy was conceived November 24th, 1946 in Burlinton, Vermont to a multi year old mother. Teds mother never disclosed to him much about his dad aside from that he was in the military and they had just dated a coupl e of times. Ted was left in child care for two months while his mother and guardians chose how to manage him. In 1946 an ill-conceived kid was amazingly looked downward on by society. When they chose to keep Ted his grandparents told everybody he was their embraced child. Ted knew who his natural mother was, however outcasts were informed that she was his sister. Ted worshiped his granddad. His granddad was likewise especially partial to Ted. He stayed outdoors and angling trips he and his granddad would go on. Other relatives depict his granddad as a surly dictator. He was bigot, narrow minded, and a fussbudget. He anticipated that everybody should fulfill his needs. His granddad was additionally loudly injurious toward other relatives and genuinely damaging toward his better half. He additionally truly abused creatures including the family pet. Teds grandma experienced discouragement. It got so terrible that she was inevitably rewarded with electroshock treatment. She likewise exp erienced agoraphobia and never went out. At the point when Ted was three years of age, his Aunt, age 15, said she stirred to discover him slipping butcher blades into the bed next to her under the spreads. She instructed him to leave and took the blades back. She said nobody in the family took care of this. (Time Life) The more established Ted got, it turned out to be progressively hard to shroud his familys character and his mystery mother. With this his mom moved to Washington where she met and wedded John Bundy. At the time Ted was four years of age. He was received by John and his unexperienced parents had four youngsters together. From the earliest starting point Ted did well in school. His educators praised him on his passing marks. Be that as it may, they additionally remarked on Teds powerlessness to control his rough temper. Companions review Ted as one who might as a rule stay away from battles, however when incited could detonate with startling viciousness and outrage. Te d was dynamic in Boy Scouts and went to chapel normally. He additionally held low maintenance work and made amazing evaluations. Ted simply dated once during secondary school and was portrayed as timid. It was around this time Ted started escaping the house and peeping into windows. He turned into a Peeping Tom. He periodically debilitated a womans vehicle to make her progressively defenseless, without really doing anything to her(Time Life). He found these practices explicitly stimulating and jerked off while doing them. He likewise started shoplifting for costly things and told his mother that they were blessings. He was gotten up twice by adolescent experts for doubt of auto robbery and thievery, however nothing happened to it. While Ted was waiting for capital punishment he once told a questioner that he realized he was unique in relation to others. He was cited as experiencing difficulty realizing what proper social practices were. His own needs and wants were all that made a d ifference. Ted perceived that he didn't have regret the manner in which different children did so he figured out how to impersonate ordinary feelings. Ted took an interest in numerous good practices that helped make it so mind boggling to acknowledge his blame. He got a satchel snatcher and was given an honor from the police office. He likewise spared a suffocating little child once by jumping into a lake after him. Ted additionally worked for a self destruction counteraction hotline convincing others not to slaughter themselves. He additionally composed assault counteraction books and got dynamic in legislative issues picking up the consideration of significant, profoundly known individuals. Ted worked many low paying occupations to pay for school. He was a table attendant at an inn, a courier, and representatives at different stores. He left most employments after just a couple of months. A few businesses said he was a decent specialist while others gave him not exactly great rema rks. Almost certainly, Ted executed his first casualty while in quite a while adolescents. A youthful classmate vanished as of now. He is said to have started his sequential killings in his late twenties in 1974. Anyway numerous individuals accept that he began sooner than this. He is supposed to be the suspect in various unsolved killings (Wellard). In January of 1974, a multi year old understudy was discovered oblivious in her room. Ted had beaten her with a metal pole and afterward embedded it in her vagina. The lady endure yet was in a state of extreme lethargy for a while and had no memory of the occasion by any means. After a month he kidnapped and killed a multi year elderly person named, Lynda Ann Healy. At the point when police went into her room they discovered blood all over her bed, her robe firm with blood, and her garments and rucksack from the prior night were absent. A month and a half later, a multi year old understudy never showed up at a jazz show she was going to . The following month a rookie young lady vanished while in transit to a film. Three other ladies vanished throughout the following two months (Time Life) Ted would utilize counterfeit throws, braces, and bolsters to get his casualties to support him. He would utilize seemingly insignificant details like how he required assistance to convey his books or burden up his vehicle. In July of 1974 however, he had the option to persuade a young lady to assist him with stacking a boat up at his folks house. The young lady was gone forever. That equivalent day he stole a multi year old secretary while at a recreation center. Ted had now kidnapped two individuals visible to everyone utilizing his genuine name. Individuals would not accept that an executioner would really utilize his genuine name. This lead the press to consider these cases the Ted cases. In 1974 the primary bits of bodies were gradually being found. The police started to find the seriousness and extent of the executioner. Ted Bundy had now moved to Utah where he turned into a residence supervisor at the University of Utah. Here in Utah he executed multi year old Nancy Wilcox. After three weeks he slaughtered multi year old Melissa Smith. Ted had killed at any rate multiple times in Utah and close by Colorado. In August 1975 Ted was halted for driving dubiously. At the point when the storage compartment was looked through the police found an ice pick, ski veil, a cover made of pantyhose, rope and binds. These are the things Ted utilized in his assault pack. Ted was indicted for hijacking and condemned to jail. Sadly his folks rescued him. In 1977 he was moved to Colorado to stand preliminary for one of the killings when Ted got away out of the town hall. Ted was gotten a couple of days after the fact for driving wildly and brought back to prison. It was in December of that equivalent year when Ted again figured out how to get away and took off toward Florida. It was January when Ted submitted the Chi Ome ga murders. Upstairs in the sorority house the police discovered one lady with her areola bit off her bosom and nibble blemishes on her rear end. Two ladies were dead from hits to the head while the other two were scarcely alive. Directly after these clubbing Ted assaulted another lady in her loft not far off from the Chi Omega house and left her for dead. Ted Bundys last casualty was a multi year old young lady he had taken from school. Her body was discovered two months after the fact in April of 1978. At the point when Ted Bundy was brought to preliminary he went about as his own legal counselor. Ted figured out how to have the first appointed authority evacuated because of bias, he won a difference in scene from Tallahassee to Miami, and he figured out how to have his leg shackles expelled so he could stroll around the court. At long last Ted was seen as liable and condemned to pass on. While waiting for capital punishment Ted led numerous meetings. Ted appeared to be amazed at the resentment about the killings and that the ladies he had killed were grieved so deeply.Whats one less individual on the substance of the earth anyway?(Time Life) In October of 1982 Teds little girl was conceived while he was waiting for capital punishment. It would be seven years after the fact before Ted would kick the bucket however. Just before his execution Ted told an evangelist that watching erotic entertainment had driven him to carry out his violations. Theodore Robert Bundy passed on January 1989. His final words were Id like you to give my affection to my family and friends.(Time Life) Using the DSM IV Ted Bundy can be analyzed as having Antisocial Personality Disorder. One rules used to decide this is indicating conduct that could be justification for capture, however ordinarily are definitely not. Instances of this standards are met when Bundy would look into the womens rooms and jerk off. This is intruding and attack of security. While you can be captured for this, individuals are generally not. Another piece of the DSM IV rules is lying and conning. Ted was continually doing this. Without fail

Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Grant - Essay Example Regularly there is nothing left subsequent to releasing my mother’s doctor's visit expenses. My family’s budgetary battles have placed me off guard in school. We can't bear to purchase new school garments and shoes and I am regularly wearing old and worn garments and shoes to class and this makes me unsure, especially when other younger students are dressed keenly. We can't bear the cost of a PC which puts me at a more prominent drawback. Frequently I have assignments that require the utilization of a PC. Despite the fact that I can utilize the library’s PC, I would ill be able to bear the cost of the time. Without transport charge, I need to walk home from school and utilizing the library would cause genuine postponements. I regularly feel so gave up that I dread I may have a breakdown. I accept that a grant would extraordinarily decrease a portion of the monetary weights on my family and would place my family in a superior situation to help my training. In the first place, I would have the option to buy a home PC and the essential school supplies. With these weights lifted I would be in a superior situation to concentrate on my instruction and produce at an a lot more elevated level. Part II: Counselor’s Recommendations FL is an engaged understudy with an away from of where he needs to go throughout everyday life and is distinctly mindful of the hindrances he needs to defeat to arrive. He is baffled by the obstructions, especially the money related battles his family faces and knows that the arrangement is out of his hands. FL’s current circumstance is desperate and on the off chance that he doesn't get a goals to his circumstance, it is far-fetched that he will have the option to stay in school. On the off chance that his issues endure, it is possible that FL would drop out of school to help ease his family’s monetary weights. At this moment his mother’s disease has all the earmarks of being the family’ s number one money related need. Accordingly, FL’s school needs are woefully deficient. It is subsequently suggested that FL profits by a grant. This is an understudy who is resolved to class work and scholarly achievement. He is looking forward to the future and thus, FL is effectively occupied with school preliminary projects. Likewise, he is partaking in crosscountry running. As a devoted and driven understudy, it would be an advantage to both the school network and FL in the event that he is granted a grant and in this manner stays in school and ready to seek after an advanced education. FL’s family is battling monetarily as they are living on his father’s little pay. FL’s mother is experiencing diabetes and this assimilates an incredible piece of the family’s pay. Because of the family’s money related battles, FL is burdened at school. His family can't stand to purchase a PC. He regularly needs to walk home from school as he can't gener ally bear the cost of transport charge. His school garments and shoes are utilized and makes him unsure. FL is baffled by the hindrances to his school efficiency. FL needs to go onto school. FL will probably rest easy thinking about himself and therefore stay submitted in school in the event that he is allowed a grant. EG Part I: EG’s Statement I have consistently tried to go to a decent college and graduate in the top 10% of my group. I am progressing in the direction of accomplishing these objectives by as of now concentrating on my evaluations and guaranteeing that they are adequate to get me into a decent college. Notwithstanding, right now I am at present confronting some money related challenges that could meddle with my arrangements to get into a decent

22 Qualities That Make a Great Leader

22 Qualities That Make a Great Leader Some people are born leaders. Others become leaders through years of learning and experience. To be a leader is a rewarding position but it is also the most difficult job in the world.A leader’s abilities come under strict scrutiny when things are really going bad. This is a time when you can distinguish between an ordinary leader and a great leader.A great leader is the one whose leadership qualities truly shine in worst of situations. He has the qualities his followers respect, look up to and are ready to even die for.So, what are the qualities which make someone a great leader? Over the centuries, hundreds of qualities have been identified which every great leader should have or develop.For instance, they exhibit certain qualities in the likes of honesty and integrity, confidence, courage and vision which make them stand out from others.It is even more important for a leader to learn all the prerequisite qualities of leadership if he wants to command respect of his followers. In this regard, following are 22 attributes of a truly great and successful leader. 1. HONESTY AND INTEGRITYIf a leader wants to inspire his followers to take action and motivate them to attain the impossible, he himself needs to be honest and a man of integrity. A great leader always applies the principles of developing trust among his followers and absolute legitimacy of ideas he preaches.He sets shining examples and motivates his sphere of influence to do the same by being honest to himself, his organization and his followers. That is the reason why people love to follow leaders like Nelson Mandela, Abraham Lincoln and Martin Luther King.Honesty is one of the most important elements of great leadership. Honest leaders tend to follow five basic rules which are as under.Explain their Goals HonestlyA great leader honestly explains the goals and values to his employers or followers. He also inspires others to be honest by setting their own examples.Admit their MistakesGreat leaders do not blame others for their own failures but openly admit their mistakes and try not to repeat them in future.They never Claim all the SuccessHonest leaders, unlike the fake or dishonest ones, never claim all the credit for their success. They always recognize it as a team effort and appreciate everyone for respective roles they have played.Create Development OpportunitiesAn honest leader always creates or is looking for new development opportunities for his followers. He is always ready to take risks in the worlds unknown and take responsibility for the consequences if things do go bad.He Envisions a Good Future for EveryoneA great and honest leader envisions a prosperous future for everyone, not for himself only.2. VISIONGreat leaders always have an exciting and clear cut idea of what they want to achieve. They do not only have a clear vision but they also have the ability to passionately own and articulate it as well. Most importantly, they relentlessly work hard to transform thei r vision into concrete realty. Great leaders can see into the future and realize what is going to happen beforehand.Having a gift of vision makes them special kind of persons. They are able to develop clear and concrete goals that will benefit not only their organizations but everyone working to attain that goal. As visionary leaders, they can also anticipate change and incorporate it in their strategies. They are willing to introduce new approaches and adapt to changing scenarios while concentrating on their main objectives.Take example of Shantanu Narayen for instance. When he took over the Adobe Systems as CEO, he quickly realized that distribution of software on physical disks has no future whatsoever.In a bold move, he introduced a subscription based model for Adobe, totally changing the way Adobe’s Creative Suit used to be distributed.Adobe basically relies on releasing new versions of their products annually for earning revenue. By adapting to changing online environment an d introducing a subscription model, Mr. Narayen has managed to revers company’s fortunes once again.3. COURAGECourage is one of the biggest virtues a person can have and a leader is no different. As Winston Churchill, one of the most courageous leaders of the 20thcenturysays in one of his quotes:“Courage is rightly considered the foremost of the virtues, for upon it, all others depend.”Being courageous means you, as a leader, are always willing to take difficult decisions in order to attain your ultimate goals with no guarantee of success.Risks are part and parcel of every business you run, every action you take and every commitment you make. A courageous leader never avoids taking these risks. He is never afraid of failure and is always ready to face uncertainties and change confidently.Furthermore, a courageous leader always accepts responsibility for his failures. He is willing to face criticism and unpopular opinion. He will raise difficult issues when nobody else will. He is prepared to do whatever it takes to make his company or country great.4. FAIRThis is pretty straightforward. A great leader is always a fair leader. He does not believe in any type of favoritism. He gives equal opportunity to every one of his subordinates to express his abilities and shine under him. A great leader always rewards his people for their work and the actual results they produce. He is never partial and has no place for nepotism in his system.As a fact of matter, people love a fair leader who is never partial and treats everyone equally without a hint of favoritism.Similarly, a great leader never allows professional bias cloud his mental judgment and decision making abilities.He makes appointments on merit and always select most qualified people for the job whether it is promoting employees, signing vendors or hiring new staff.Most importantly, such a leader is always genuine and open. He implements what he says and encourages others to follow suit.5. FLEXIBILITYA le ader needs to be flexible in order to succeed in the ever changing and extremely demanding business world. He must possess the ability to flex to cope with uncertainties and sudden changes which are indispensible part of modern lifestyle and business environment.A flexible leader is able to adapt his leadership and decision making style depending upon the circumstances. He is always able to keep abreast with themarket and act accordingly should something unplanned and surprising happens.Such a leader also welcomes change, new ideas and fresh opinions about how to run a certain business. He does not only welcome suggestions but take concrete steps towards implementing these suggestions. He keeps rigidity at bay and manages to achieve unparalleled success in the process.6. CONFIDENCEConfidence is the greatest and one of the most valuable traits of any good leader. You, as a leader, need to build confidence and mental strength if you want others to follow you.On the other hand, your su bordinates are never going to respect you if are unclear about your own personality, qualities and decisions. To gain respect of your followers, you need to be assertive, bit boastful and brimming with confidence.Don’t be overconfident but at least display a degree of self-assurance to maintain your grip on your followers.People look at you for inspiration during difficult times and if you are uncertain about what to do, you are definitely going to lose their respect.Similarly, being confident also means you are likely to take right decisions on almost all occasions. If you remain calm and confident while decision making regardless of the circumstances, others will do the same. As a result, you will be able to boast everyone’s moral including yourself.Most importantly, you will be in better position to solve the problems.There are many examples when leaders turned the fortunes of their companies only through their sheer hard work and confidence. Elon Musk, Steve Jobs, Bill Gates , Isaac Perlmutter and Doug Conant are some of the leaders who brought their companies back from the brink of disaster.They were always confident and optimistic about the future of their respective companies and worked day and night to attain the success they enjoy today.7. OPTIMISMTaking about optimism, it is a key attribute of any great leader. A pessimistic leader can be one of the biggest disasters for any company or organization. Optimists are responsible for starting some of the biggest businesses of the modern world ranging from Microsoft to Google. Everyone knows the story of KFC as well.An optimistic leader always sees opportunity in most adverse of the circumstances whereas a pessimistic leader sees despair and negativity in even in most favorable conditions.Optimists never let problems and adversaries deter their determination and impose hurdles on their imaginations. Nothing dissuades them to take steps that ultimately benefit not only their subordinates but the society in general. Quoting Winston Churchill once again:“Optimists see opportunities in every difficulty.”Optimistic leaders never allow negativity, fear and uncertainty to overwhelm them. They have successful mindset by default. They will fight till their last breath and leave no stone unturned to attain the success they dream of.8. ACCOUNTABILITYArnold H Glasow explained accountability beautifully when he said:“A good leader takes little more than his share of the blame and little less than his share of the credit.”When it comes to accountability, a great leader ensures everyone in the team is accountable for his actions and decisions. If they are doing a good job, he always encourages and rewards them.On the other hand, he needs to make them realize their mistakes if they are struggling to live up to his expectations. Similarly, he also works with them to resolve the problems instead of alienating himself from the whole process.A great leader also takes responsibility for his ac tions. He never blames others if something goes wrong because of him. Similarly, he seldom seeks rewards but always appreciates the entire team for the success of any project undertaken by him.Such leaders are always efficient and productive in their decisions. They understand the value of organizational rules and regulations but also encourage individuality. They are expert in taking appropriate actions while balancing different viewpoints and maintaining accountability.9. CHARACTER AND CHARISMAWhether a leader needs to have charisma or not is a matter of heated debate. However, history proves that charismatic leaders tend to be more effective. There are many factors which make a charismatic leader so popular and authoritative. People are drawn towards leaders with a strong personality and charisma.Charismatic leaders exude confidence; they are creative and think out of the box, they are optimist and determined and most importantly, have a strong vision to follow.Most leaders class ified as charismatic also have strong physical presence. Their body postures are perfect; their body language excellent and their communication spotless. They are also comfortable speaking in front of large crowds.Some of the examples of the Charismatic leaders the world has scene relatively recently are Imran Khan (the current Prime Minister of Pakistan), Barrack Obama, Winston Churchill, and Mahatma Gandhi. 10. LOYALTYAlmost 50% of employers around the globe are indifferent or dissatisfied with their current jobs. Therefore, the number of employees staying at one company for years is reducing by every passing day.However, it does not mean the concept of loyalty has breathed his last. It is the actually the responsibility of the leader to cultivate loyalty among his subordinates and encourage them to keep working for their current organization.If you want your employees to stay, you have to develop a certain leadership style. For instance, you should act as a motivator in addition to striving hard to improve the lives of your subordinates. You should treat them as your friends rather than just as your employees. You should help them develop professionally as well as personally. You also need to trust them and impart a sense of duty and ownership to them as well.Finally, you need to be a sincere and effective leader. Gone are the days when employees would tolerate arrogant leaders. You need to be polite and little bit clever to win their heart and loyalty for years to come.11. DECISION POWEREvery leader has to make difficult and unwanted decisions at some stage of his career. However, a leader should be able to perfectly analyze the situation, trust his intuition and draw on his experience to make decisions that produce the desired results in both the short and long term.Decision making is one of the most important components of leadership. A leader has to take countless decisions every day. A good leader should be comfortable in taking right decisions at the right time.A wrong decision can have serious ramifications for your business but you need to learn from the mistakes rather than being bogged down by them.You must need to learn how to make tough decisions quickly in order for your business to survive and thrive.As a good leader, you should be able to take decisions alone or seek advice from your team whenever necessary. It is better to have experts and trusted advisors around yourself to make the decision making process easier and smoother.   A great leader does everything possible to take the right decision.Finally, he ensures that the decision is implemented in its true spirit as well.12. HUMILITYMost good leaders develop anadorablepersonality and are always humble towards other people, especially their followers and subordinates. These leaders are never arrogant and take criticism as opportunity for further growth. They are always thankful and show gratitude for their position in the society. This in turn, develops a soft spot i n the public for them and people start to look towards them as messiah.A humble leader is also able to contain his ego. He happens to be more realistic towards his problems and strive hard to resolve them. He realizes that he does not know all the answers. He never hesitates to seek help and is always willing to learn. He never lets his pride create hurdles for him. He always shares credit where it is due and as a result, manages to achieve his objectives successfully. 13. PASSIONNeedless to say, great leaders are always passionate. Their enthusiasm enables them to surmount greatest of hurdles thrown their way and come out of the field with the flying colors.A good leader cares about his goals and leaves no stone unturned to achieve them. Nothing in this world can deter him from reaching his destination no matter how perilous the journey is. His boundless passion and energy help him eventually get where he always wanted to be.Great leaders also ignite passion among their followers. When you are passionate about something, it will definitely be visible and others will start doing the same. An enthusiastic leader inspires others to work hard, take action and never lose hope. Timeline of success is not important for such people. They strongly believe that if you keep looking for what you want, you will eventually get it.14. STRATEGY AND SELF MAINTENANCE“Strategy is not the consequence of planning, but the opposite: it’s the starting point.”  Henry MintzbergStrategic planning comes naturally to great leaders. It is one of the most importantleadership strengths you should work hard to develop. Great leaders can accurately anticipate market trends; they have wonderful foresight and they can suggest what to do well in advance. They are genuinely curious and interested in the welfare and betterment of their company as well.Such leaders are way ahead of their competitors when it comes to anticipating changes based on current circumstances and market conditions. T hey can predict where the market will be in next 3, 6 or 12 months. Their ability to plan strategically helps them outwit their competitors and win the race.Great leaders also manage to maintain themselves successfully. They set clear goals and prioritize them according to conditions and their own personal objectives.Goodsleaders also manage to regulate their emotions, attention and of course, time. Most importantly, they are aware of their biases as well as strengths and weaknesses.15. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONEffective communication is another important attribute of good leaders. They know when it is time to speak and when it is time remain silent and listen to others. Their communication abilities are immaculate.They can explain succinctly what they need from their employees and what company’s mission and goals are. They are always specific about their demands, making it easier for their employees to understand their requirements and act accordingly.You must enhance your communic ation abilities for all levels. Whether you are talking to an individual, your team or a large crowd, your words should exhibit your confidence, knowledge and your passion for the organization.Similarly, it is also imperative for you to master the art of using emails, telephone and social media for effective communication. You must be able to exchange ideas through your conversations and therefore, you should be comfortable meeting people from all fields of life.16. TEAM BUILDINGA great leader always builds a team he can trust. Great leaders lead by example but they also empower their team members to shine and rise through the ranks. In fact, a leader is nothing without his team.Building a team of like-minded people is one of the most important moves a leader can make. The team helps a leader better solve the problems in addition with improving the overall productivity of individual members.Similarly, a good leader tries to develop a team comprising of people with all kinds of skill sets and personalities. It enables all of them to learn from each other and develop strong social bonds benefiting both the individuals and organization. A good leader also fosters communication among team members. He also keeps on motivating them by clearly reminding them about company’s goals and missions.17. LEADING BY EXAMPLEGood leaders always lead by example. They are the hardest working and committed members of any team. They always honor their promises and commitments and set an example for their followers. They are aware of the fact that they need to be genuinely interested in the welfare of their organization if they want their subordinates to give their best as well.Great leaders employ different techniques to lead from the front. For instance, they always walk their talks and never back away from their promises. They are always truthful and take full responsibility of their actions. Such leaders are industrious and try to find solutions to the problems themselves befo re asking others for assistance.Similarly, they take special care of their health and inspire greatness in their team as well.18. THEY TAKE RESPONSIBILITYGood leaders always take responsibility and never ever blame others if anything goes wrong. They do realize that in the case of any failure or misshape, they have to admit their mistakes instead of holding others responsible for the mess. You can only expect your employees to be honest if you set a good example by holding yourself accountable for your own actions.It is also pertinent to mention that good leaders never hide behind lame excuses. On the other hand, they try to identify the root cause of the problem and find its solutions. This helps them enhance their integrity and prove themselves as more trustworthy as well.19. THEY ARE INSPIRATIONALIt is extremely difficult for any person to persuade others to do something and leaders are no different. Again, you have to set a great example if you want others to follow you.Your fol lowers or subordinates look towards you for inspiration. The result will be sheer disappointment and panic if you are not able to come up with any viable solution to their problems. On the other hand, they will fall in love with you if you handle the situation professionally and effectively.A great inspirational leader always thinks positively and this positivity reflects from his every action. He does not get emotional and remains calm in most adverse of the circumstances. He never loses hope and keeps on motivating his team and followers as well. According to the words of John Quincy Adams, you are only a leader:“If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more.” 20. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATIONAccording to Steve Jobs, perhaps the greatest business leader of the 20th and 21st century, it is actually the innovation which separates a leader from a follower. A leader must not only be creative but innovative as well in order to succeed. You can only b eat the competition and stand out from the rest if you and your team are extremely creative and innovative at the same time.You need to be creative as a leader and come up with really unique ideas. Similarly, you also need to be innovative enough to implement those ideas in the form of a new product, a solution to a long lasting problem or simply a process.You need to have a slightly different perspective from others and think out of the box. That is what Steve Jobs did during his life and achieved the level of unprecedented success others can only dream about.21. THEY CREATE LONG LASTING RELATIONSHIPSA good leader does much more than just leading from the front and being inspirational for others. They manage to compel their employees to work wholeheartedly to achieve a common goal that is the success of the organization they are working for. They give value to their employees and appreciate their good work.They make their subordinates feel that whatever they are doing does make a d ifference to the company and its leaders. As a result, they feel more invigorated and work even harder to take their company to new heights of success.Similarly, great leaders are exceptional at networking with others. This is important if you want to advance your own career as well as further promote and benefit your organization. Good Leaders manage to establish long lasting relations not only with customers but also with partners and clients through a vast network of people, and that is their secret to success.22. THEY DEAL WITH CONFLICTS EFFECTIVELYA good leader should always be able to deal with conflicts effectively if he wants to work effortlessly with people. You will always face conflicts and you should be good at dealing with them.Different people manage things differently. You will be doing a great favor to yourself by recognizing this fact sooner rather than later.Similarly, try to ensure that all the conflicts within your team do not turn out to be counterproductive. Ke ep in mind that you can only harness the best ideas and performance out of your team by successfully resolving internal and external conflicts. CONCLUSIONIn order to make a name for yourself as a leader, you need to have all of above mentioned qualities. Otherwise, things can get really rough and tough for you. You have to be compassionate, honest and passionate while also showing a great deal of integrity, empathy and commitment to your task.You also need to develop your decision making and communication skills in addition to being more creative and innovative. Only then you will be able to make a mark in a crowded world of leadership.

Essay on Factors Contributing to Colony Collapse Disorder

Picture sitting next to a river in the summer time where it is just the perfect temperature and you are soaking up the great weather and the amazing scenery when a bee buzzes past you and lands on a flower by your feet, as human nature you don’t want to be next to the bee because it could sting you†¦ do you step on it or simply walk away? What you may not know is that honeybees play a huge roll in America’s agriculture, whether it is pollinating alfalfa hay to feed your horse or pollinating that apple you eat every morning for breakfast. Honeybees pollinate about one-third of crops species in the U.S. (Vanishing Bees, 2008). Bees pollinate a lot more than you would think a few more examples are almonds, avocadoes, cucumbers and peanuts.†¦show more content†¦The bees never seem to catch a break which is putting the bees under â€Å"stress† which is a factor. Furthermore, when they are pollinating all these different plants some are not nutritious as others, for example cucumbers aren’t as healthy as some of the other plants but there is still a demand for them, so the bees still have to work and eventually become unhealthy if they aren’t getting the right nutrients. Another factor is pesticides, which has many different points of view but overall it has come to decided it is not the pesticides themselves that are killing masses of bees but it is lowering their immune system and making it easier for them to get sick, for example with the common parasite Nosema. Nosema is a parasite in the digestive track of the honey bee that attacks the entire hive and can eventually wipe out the whole hive. The effects of the pesticides are ultimately never letting the hives reach their maximum potential, which in the end could render the hives weak and lethargic. There are so many pesticides out there it is hard to tell exactly what component in the pesticide is hurting the bees. It is recently found that the inert ingredients u sed often to boost the effectiveness of the pesticide are actually more harmful than the actual toxic ingredientsShow MoreRelatedSummary : Bee Disappearance 1708 Words   |  7 PagesMrs. Kopcak English 12 8 May 2016 Senior Paper: Bee Disappearance Seven years ago honeybee colonies were reported to be dying en masse. They were dying from multiple causes, and these bee disappearances reflect an infertile landscape and a dysfunctional food system. The problem is that in the last 50 years bees have been dying and we’re planting more crops that require bees pollination. Colony Collapse Disorder, Varroa mites, and our farming practices attribute to these disappearances of our most importantRead MoreColony Collapse Disorder and Pesticides Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesColony Collapse Disorder and Pesticides From around the year 2006, many bee farmers in the U.S.A and some parts of Europe started reporting sharp declines in their bee stocks. The reason for this declining numbers was not known and therefore scientists named it colony collapse disorder (CCD). Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is a not a very old phenomena and it became popular when large number of bee colonies started disappearing. The disappearing was mysterious since no dead bees were found in orRead MoreThe And Its Effects On The Populations1941 Words   |  8 Pagesreproduction. However the colonies of the honeybees are affected by a syndrome, which causes the population of honey bee decrease rapidly in winter. Honey bee undergoes a serious pressure from Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which is a mysterious problem. It causes a dead colony occurs with no adult bees or dead bee bodies can with the queen, honey and immature bees still present in the colony. Honey can be found in the hives, but the adult bees are losse s from the colonies. The scientific causeRead MoreHoney Bees Have A Huge Economic Impact958 Words   |  4 Pages but honey bees have started to disappear. Millions of hives have died in the last few years. Beekeepers all over the world have seen an annual loss of 30–90% of their colonies. In the US alone, bees are steadily declining. From 5 million hives in 1988 to 2.5 million today. Since 2006, a phenomenon called â€Å"colony collapse disorder† has affected honey bees in many countries. And we’re not entirely sure what’s causing it. All we know is that it’s pretty serious. Over the last few decades bees haveRead MoreThe Depletion Of The Bee Population2519 Words   |  11 Pagesvegetables, coffee, and so much more. This is why the depletion of the bee population beginning in 2006 was, and as it continues, so concerning. The term â€Å"Colony Collapse Disorder† refers to a phenomenon in which worker bees vanish from the hive, leaving the queen and larvae unattended, and thus the bee colony ceases to function and collapses. This is happening throughout the United States at an alarming rate, and while one distinct cause for CCD has yet to be found, scientists have narrowed it downRead MoreMarketing of Haagen Dazs1114 Words   |  5 Pagesincluding fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds. yet over the last five years, we ve lost over one-third of our honey bee colonies nationwide, due to factors such as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), an alarming phenomenon that occurs when honey bees mysteriously desert their hive and die. researchers do not know exactly what causes CCD, but they believe there may be many contributing factors, including viruses, mites, chemical exposure, and poor nutrition. get involved since 2008, Hà ¤agen-Dazs ® ice creamRead MoreClimate Change : Strategies Of Denial1844 Words   |  8 Pageswe as common individuals are inevitably instrumental factors in this environmental situation. For instance, in the last couple of years, dozens of insecticides and fungicides â€Å"adopted for use on an extensive variety of farm crops as well as ornamental landscape plants† known as neonicotinoids have been singled out as paramount contributors to Colony Collapse Disorder, a phenomenon in which a drastic majority of worker bees ‘desert’ a colony, leaving few nurser bees to fend for the queen and theRead MoreInsect Pollinators And Its Effects On The World1970 Words   |  8 Pagesmajority of the world food supply is slowly increasing as our pollinators population decreases. Bees aren t the only insect pollinators in the world, but they are by far the most widespread ones. Despite this, non-bee insect pollinators have a contributing factor to the success of pollination that the bees themselves don t. There have been studies on the success of the pollination and seeding of flowers and plants. Bees have a fairly average success rate, focusing more on spreading the pollinationRead MoreWhat Are Honey Bees?2199 Words   |  9 Pagesallergies that result in anaphylaxis and only .5 percent of children have full blown allergies to bees. (More, D. M.D., 2013) The average person can withstand 10 bee stings per pound of body fat. (USDA, 2012) To avoid being stung stay away from bee colonies and do not disturb a hive. Do not swat at a bee that approaches you. Chances are the bees is only checking if you have any nectar. Wear light colored clothing that is not looses fitting. Bees may enter loose clothing causing an accidental sting.Read MoreEssay on Pathophysiology Exam 15529 Words   |  23 Pagesin paraplegia d. A 78-year-old patient with Alzheimer disease who received a third-degree burn following an oven fire 2. A client is experiencing muscle atrophy following 2 weeks in traction after a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following factors has most likely contributed to the atrophy of the clients muscle cells? a. Reduced oxygen consumption and cellular function that ensures muscle cell survival b. A reduction of skeletal muscle use secondary to the traction treatment c. Denervation

What Is an Externality

An externality is the effect of a purchase or decision on a person group who did not have a choice in the event and whose interests were not taken into account. Externalities, then, are spillover effects that fall on parties not otherwise involved in a market as a producer or a consumer of a good or service. Externalities can be negative or positive, and externalities can result from either the production or the consumption of a good, or both. Negative externalities impose costs on parties not involved in a market, and positive externalities confer benefits on parties not involved in a market. Cost of a Negative Externality A classic example of a negative externality  is  pollution. An enterprise that emits pollution while producing a product certainly benefits the owner of the operation, who is making money off the production. However, pollution also has an unintended effect on the environment and the surrounding community. It affects others who had no choice in the matter and were probably not taken into account in production decisions and is thus a negative externality. The Benefit of a Positive Externality Positive externalities come in many forms. Commuting to work by bicycle involves the positive externality of combatting pollution. The commuter, of course, gets a health-related benefit of the bike trip, but the effect this has on traffic congestion and reduced pollution released into the environment because of taking one car off the road is a positive externality of riding a bike to work. The environment and community were not involved in the decision to commute by bike, but both see benefits from that decision. Externalities of Production Versus Consumption Externalities involve both production  and consumption in a market. Any spillover effects that are conferred on parties not involved in producing or consuming are externalities, and both can be positive or negative. Externalities of production happen when producing a product confers a cost or benefit to a person or group who has nothing to do with the production process. So, as noted in the pollution example, the pollutants produced by a company are a negative externality of production. But production can also produce positive externalities, such as when a popular food, such as cinnamon buns or candy, produces a desirable smell during manufacturing, releasing this positive externality to the nearby community. Consumption externalities include second-hand smoke from cigarettes, which imparts a cost on people nearby who are not smoking and is thus negative, and education, because the benefits of going to school that include employment, stability, and financial independence have positive effects on society, and are thus a positive externality.

Do We Really Want A President Sneezes - 957 Words

Coughing Kills On September 12, 2016 the Star-Telegram reprinted the article, â€Å"Do we really want a president who coughs?† written by Rex Huppke, who is a columnist for the Chicago Tribune. With the upcoming Presidential elections in November, Mr. Huppke focused his attention on the Democratic nominee, Hilary Clinton and her recent coughing episode during a speech she gave in Ohio. He suggests that her cough should be a major concern for voters and her health examined thoroughly to see if she is fit enough to be the President of the United States. He sites what he calls â€Å"reliable websites† and he quotes seemingly reputable sources that are also deeply concerned she is not. His cautionary tone in the beginning of the article leads the reader to believe he has a serious point to get across. However, his fictitious words, hasty generalizations, and outright lies tell a different story. He also breaks numerous rules of fallacy throughout this satirical piece to make the poi nt Americans are ridiculously naà ¯ve if they rely solely on media to make significant decisions. In the beginning of his article, Mr. Huppke asks those Americans who are of legal age to vote to consider the question, â€Å"Do I really want a president who coughs?† (Huppke) to which he answers immediately for the reader, no. His argument begins with a definitive perspective that answering no to this question is the only rational answer. He goes on to say that â€Å"coughing is a sign of mental incapacity andShow MoreRelatedKant And Mill s Utilitarianism Theory1316 Words   |  6 PagesWhen presented with a choice between saving the life of one person, or saving the life of five, how should you choose which is the right thing to do? Is there even a right choice in this situation when either way someone is going to die? The theories presented by Kant and Mill seem to suggest there is. They each have their own beliefs on how you should handle the situation, and which is in fact the right choice to make. Kant’s deontological theory rests in the basis of morality. Mill’s utilitarianismRead MoreAnalysis Of Ken Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest2592 Words   |  11 PagesMental illness has always been around, and asylums have been around since 1406 CE. Patients were treated like animals in the asylums up until 1946 when President Truman signed a law called the National Mental Health act. People speaking about mental illness is more of a recent thing because before people were just thrown away when they even mentioned mental illness. Once the mentally ill were gone, the public would ignore the entire issue, in the late 1880s Nelly Bly posed as a mentally ill womanRead MoreThe History of Birth Control and Society Essay1997 Words   |  8 PagesThe History of Birth Control and Society People have been desperate to control how many children they have and abstinence is not really an option adults want to choose. Some ancient forms of birth control include: animal skins and intestines for condoms, lemons as barriers to protect from pregnancy, poisonous cocktails to cause abortion, and animal dung cocktails as spermicides. When those measures failed, women turned to abortions. (Rengal intro ix) Humankind has been trying to have sex withoutRead More The Pursuit of Genetic Engineering Essay4075 Words   |  17 Pagesdue to advances in genetic engineering and cloning. These medical innovations have the potential to revolutionize our lives in numerous ways. 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We re getting a lot of media attention, and I think that s positive because I think the FDIC is all about public confidence. That s how we maintain the stability with people having confidence in our brand and our insurance guarantee, and I think we ve done that fairly successfully. We have seen a lot of stability. People are keeping their money in banks, which is good. ... I think we ll be judged by how history judges us, whether we continue to be effective in tryingRead MoreThe taste of melon by borden deal11847 Words   |  48 Pagestheme ââ€"   analyse story structure ââ€"   identify changes in the narrator’s perspective ââ€"   interpret characters’ motives 130 Look Closely D E A L When I think of the summer I was sixteen, a lot of things some crowding in to be thought about. We had moved just the year before, and sixteen is still young enough that the bunch makes a difference. I had a bunch, all right, but they weren’t sure of me yet. I didn’t know why. 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Organization and Management free essay sample

SNOP is the Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology. Published by the American College of Pathologists, it has been â€Å"useful in classifying pathological specimens† (McWay, 2008). Although SNOP was commonly used in pathology departments, it has gradually lost favor because focus was placed on standardized nomenclatures by accrediting agencies (McWay, 2008). 2. What are the four approaches taken by HIM professionals to address the complexities brought on by the introduction of PPS and DRGs? The four approaches taken by HIM professionals to address the complexities brought on by the introduction of PPS and DRGs are the use of encoders, the use of new resources in coding guidelines, the focus on ethical aspects of coding and develop a compliance program (McWay, 2008). 3. What are some differences between DRGs and MDCs? DRGs are known as Diagnosis-Related Groups and MDCs are known as Major Diagnostic Category (McWay, 2008). DRGs is a model that classifies groups of patients with medically related diagnosis, treatment, length of stay, age, and sex (McWay, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Organization and Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page DRGs â€Å"classify hospital stays in terms of what was wrong with the patient and what is done for the patient† (McWay, 2008). MRGs â€Å"cluster patients according to medical and surgical categories† (McWay, 2008). 4. Why are consequences of healthcare professionals not using common terminology, vocabularies, and classification systems? Vocabularies, classification systems, and clinical terminologies were â€Å"created to describe the medical care process in a standard manner† (McWay, 2008). Healthcare professionals need to clearly understand and apply these vocabularies, classification systems, and clinical terminologies in order to facilitate patient care as well as comply with requirements of the accrediting agencies (McWay, 2008). References McWay D C 2008 Todays Health Information Management: An Integrated ApproachMcWay, D. C. (2008). Todays Health Information Management: An Integrated Approach. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. !. SNOP gradually lost favor when focus was placed by accrediting agencies of standardized nomenclatures that could cross fields of specialization. 2. The four approaches taken by HIM professionals to address the complexities brought on by the introduction of PPS and DRGs are: Encoders- software tools that incorporate the text and logic of coding systems into an automated form. Another approach is the use of new resources in the form of coding guidelines. Examples are ICD-9CM coding handbook, the coding clinic for ICM-9-CM, and the coding clinic for HCPCS. A third approach is to focus on the ethical aspect of coding., and an approach related to coding guidelines and ethics, is to develop a coding compliance program. 3.The differences between DRGs and MCDs are DRG is a classification system that groups patients who are medically related by diagnosis, treatment, and length of stay, using the International Classification of Diseases, ninth edition, clinical modification codes. MDC is the first level of a decision tree to reach a diagnosis-related group, generally based on an organ or system. Todays Health Information Management An Integrated Approach, McWay, D.C., JD, RHIA. pgs. 126-33 4. The consequences of health care professionals for not using common terminology, vocabularies, and classification systems are Clinical vocabularies, terminologies or coding systems, are a structured list of terms which together with their definitions are design to describe unambiguously the care and treatment of patients. T cover diseases, diagnoses, findings, operations, treatments, drugs, administrative items, etc., and can be used to support recording and reporting a patients care at varying levels of detail, whether on paper or, increasingly, via electronic medical record (EMC). A large number of coding and classification systems have been developed for healthcare. Many standards have been proposed butwidespread spread adoption has been slow. Current standards tend to compete. Many classifications overlap. Historically, vocabulary and classification systems have been designed to meet different and specific goals. Many codes have been designed mainly to support administration (e.g. billing) so have typically included only a limited number of diagnosis code for each encounter. Widely-used, but essentially administration-oriented system, such as ICD, have been mandated by government agencies and /or payor organizations but capture clinical data at an insufficient level of detail to support clinical needs that lie outside the limited range of activities they were designed to support. Coding systems can lose clinical information. It can be difficult to compare clinical coding systems. Interoperability is a significant problem. Content, structure, completeness, detail, cross-mapping, taxonomy, definitions, clarity vary between existing vocabularies. -Why did SNOP fall out of favor with the healthcare field?  SNOP, the Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology was published by the American College of Pathologists and was useful in classifying pathological specimens. SNOP lost favor with the healthcare field when focus was placed by accrediting agencies on standardized nomenclatures that could cross-fields of specialization (McWay, 2008). 2.-What are the four approaches taken by HIM professionals to address the complexities brought on by the introduction of PPS and DRGs? The four approaches are: Use of encoders, Coding guidelines, Ethical aspect of coding up coding and coding compliance program (McWay, 2008). 3.-What are some differences between DRGs and MDCs? Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) A patient classification system, defined by the federal Department of Health and Human Services. It provides a means of relating the type of patients a hospital treats to the costs incurred by the hospital. According to this classification system, patients who have similar diagnoses and undergo similar procedures are placed together in the same diagnosis-related group.. DRGs are used by the Medicare program to reimburse hospitals at fixed amounts for all similar patients, regardless of thelength of stay or actual cost incurred. The DRG system is also widely used in many types of health data analysis. Major Diagnostic Category (MDC) A grouping based on the organ or system involved. The MDCs cluster patients according to medical and surgical categories, that are subdivided by principal diagnosis (McWay, 2008). 4.-Why are consequences of healthcare professionals not using common terminology, vocabularies, and classification systems? According to AHIMA, the healthcare industry is looking to IT to reduce costs, assess quality of care, and deliver services more efficiently. The core components of these IT tools are classification and terminology systems, the common medical languages used to encode clinical data such as a patient’s physical signs, symptoms, medication sensitivities, treatment plans, and diagnoses. Terminologies and classifications promise to provide the common medical language necessary for electronic health records and population health reporting, quality reporting, personal health records, safety, clinical trials, biosurveillance, and reimbursement. According to McWay (2008), vocabulary, clinical terminology, and classification systems were created to describe the medical care process in a standard manner.

Strategic Analysis Of Ozjet Airlines Company Tourism Essay Essay Example

Strategic Analysis Of Ozjet Airlines Company Tourism Essay Paper Airline industry can be treated as one of the largest and turning industries in the universe. With the last few old ages the growing happened in air hose industry was marvelous. It showed a 7 % annual growing in last twosome of old ages about. International concern enlargement increased the demand for air hose manner of travel. The figure of peoples who is making international concern has been increased every bit good. This factor has promoted air hose industry as a whole. Airline industry enhances planetary trade, international investing, touristry and economic development of the state every bit good as the universe. Just like growing in concern going travel to touristry finishs besides shows inclination to turn. Services to leisure finishs have been increasing twelvemonth by twelvemonth. Less cost air hose going is available now which is impacted by cut pharynx competition among air hose companies across universe. Now a twenty-four hours people can more depend on air hose manner of transit for going between little metropoliss and less developed states besides Strategic analysis of Ozjet Airlines Company, Australia. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis Of Ozjet Airlines Company Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis Of Ozjet Airlines Company Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Analysis Of Ozjet Airlines Company Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ozjet Airline Company born in Australia and it started its operation on November 29 in 2005 onwards. The laminitis or male parent of Ozjet Airline Company was a Formula One Millionaire and squad proprietor of Minardi rushing called Paul Stoddart. It started its map by utilizing BAe146 aircrafts by serving between domestic secondary airdromes in Australia. It operated between Sydney-Melbourne air paths by following low cost scheme. Ozjet started its operation with a slogan of geting 10 % market portion in air hose industry of Australia. They put an advertisement word in forepart of the clients called you re in Business . But the state of affairs in the market was really worst. They had cut throat competition from the side of outstanding Australian air hose companies like Qantas, JetStar, Virgin Blue etc. Ozjet felt excessively much battle for prolonging in the market. As a consequence of this killing experience from Australian air hose market, they compelled to denote something in imperativeness nine. In March 2006, the president announced that Ozjet has made about 10 million $ loss within really short span of clip and investors do nt desire to keep their portions further. And so they are traveling to discontinue all their existing services. After this Ozjet became a private charter flight runing with less figure of staffs and smaller fleet by offering flight from Norfolk Island to Sydney and Brisbane for Norfolk air. Environmental analysis: External environment analysis External environmental factors are as its name indicates those factors outside the organisation. These factors provide either assorted chances or menaces to the company. External environmental factors would be beyond the control of the organisation and so concern has to be really acute on analysing those factors. This factor involves factors like economical, political, technological, competition, governmental and assorted planetary issues. A strategian must analyse the external factors and its impact as good. Now allow look into assorted external factors that affected Ozjet Airline Company: PESTLE Analysis: Economic status Economic state of affairs of the state will impact in big measure while explicating assorted schemes of any concern. Each motion would with the path of economic status of the part or state. Equally far as Australian economic system is concerned, they have one of the strongest economic systems of all time in the universe. During the period of 1996-2005 they had the GDP of 3.2 % . The unemployment rate is besides really low rate at 4 % . ( Australian Bureau of Statistics ) . Ozjet Company here got a good solid economic system in Australia. So they can get down their services to hook up with the economic system of Australia. Since they have more concern class of people more concern category services can be make help. Here travellers looking for more premium services instead than any other factors. Demographic Factors Entire clients in the market are divided or grouped on the footing of some properties like age, sex, instruction etc. This is known as demographic alterations of the market topographic point. As far Australian demographic characteristics are concerned it has turning people across. 20 1000000s peoples are at that place in Australia about. One tierce of this population belongs millennian coevals that is coevals Y. Millennial coevals class people should be the right mark for an air hose company at this peculiar scenario in Australia. They can accomplish more market portion by sectioning this class of people. Servicess should be focused on concern class of people as good. This peculiar class of people includes concern professionals aging between 35 and 55. Ozjet start services in Melbourne-Sydney path. In this environment Ozjet has to aline its services and agendas to carry through the demands of metameric class of people. Social and cultural factors Socio-cultural factors of the state depends upon believes and attitudes of the people in the state or a part. Attitudes of the people are of all time altering conformity with the alteration in manner and tendency. Equally far as the modern attitude or civilization of air hose travellers are concerned, they have more concern on environment. Since they all have good consciousness in planetary heating and all they becomes more environment friendly. While taking an option during their travel through flight travellers are more selective today. Today, people particularly youth likes to see more leisure topographic points across the universe. They want more merriment and enjoyment to review their busy and caput breakage concern life. So, services to leisure finishs are really needful and profitable one today. ( Aviation statistics 2004-2005 ) Another most of import tendency sing air travel is that about clip agenda of flights. Peoples are more concerned about their clip and its value. Here Ozjet need to set their services harmonizing to installation of concern people who are the possible clients of the company. ( Jamie Freed, April 16, 2005 ) . Political and legal issues Political factors of the state are really much act uponing a concern for specifying and explicating its schemes. Country s political regulations and ordinances are of all time altering conformity with the alterations in regulation of state and different policies of different parties. In Australia, there is a devolving tendency in political relations. But assorted parties are bring forthing the political regulations in Australia. Assorted internal political alterations happened in Australia and these were rather adequate to impact the air hose industry in Australia. Political factors of Australia affected Ozjet Company every bit good. For illustration, some politicians had welcomed Ozjet for advancing touristry sector of Australia by serving assorted trips to tourist finishs with cheaper rate. But Ozjet faces some jobs from some residential political groups besides. ( John Masunaukas, April 5 2004 ) . Technological factors Technological alterations go oning across the universe is of import external factor to influence concern. Each industry should really lament on engineering to hook up with alterations. Like any other industry air hose sector besides witnessed a batch of technological alterations. Popularity of computing machines and cyberspace which happened late do more convenient to clients for covering their personal businesss sing their travel. A batch of flight package has been developed during last twosome of old ages. Online engagement of tickets for travel make roar impact in air hose field. The most of import advantage of this technological promotion is that cost decrease and efficiency. By following new engineering company can cut down its operating cost and therefore addition market portion through monetary value leading. The fact is that company should concentrate on updating their engineerings. Ozjet Company adopted assorted engineerings for their flight package and online booking system every bit good. Global or international issues Global issues are rather plenty to destruct a concern like air hose industry. Because, air hose concern is one that spread to all over the universe and each company depends on each state every bit good. Here are some illustrations of universe issues that affected air hose industry as a whole. September 11 World trade Centre onslaught by terrorist made a feel problem for travellers across the universe. Tourism sector faced really crisis state of affairs during that clip. The figure of travellers particularly to tourist finishs reduced dramatically. Airline industry faced large problem hare. Many terrorist onslaughts had been happened late across the universe. Iraq war, Kuwait war, Israel-Palestine issues are the illustrations of some planetary issues. Oil monetary value hiking happened late is one of the most poignant issue of air hose industry. The operating cost of an air hose company is really much affected by oil monetary value. This hiking is affected Ozjet more than any other air hose companies because, they had been supplying low cost services to assorted finishs in Australia. So, when the oil monetary value increased, they felt excessively much battle to prolong in industry. Decision Opportunities and menaces of Ozjet: They have got a better demographic environment in the part that would more fiting with an air hose company. They have got advantage of societal and cultural factors of the state. They have got better economic conditions in the state that can run with more smoothly. Ozjet witnessed compliment from the authorities for back uping touristry industry. They have faced some jobs from regional political parties. They had been faced more planetary issues like wars and terrorist onslaughts. Oil monetary value hiking was major menace faced by Ozjet. Ozjet faced cut pharynx competition from assorted companies like Qantas and Virgin Blue. Competitor analysis of Ozjet Equally far as Australian air hose industry is concerned, there have a batch of companies runing every bit good and therefore the degree of competition besides really high. Here we can take a comparative analysis about assorted rivals of Ozjet Company which made tough state of affairs in the market. Qantas Qantas is a benchmarking air hose company born in Australia. They are maintaining certain international criterions across the universe. Ozjet has strong fiscal foundation and maintaining good gross and operating hard currency flows ( Qantas Annual Report 2006 ) . Jetstar Jetstar is one of the late launched Australian companies that achieved 14 % of market portion within really short span of clip. Virgin Blue Virgin Blue is another Australian Company that keeping 30 % of market portion. They started to run in 2000 and serving more than 2,100 flights in a hebdomad. 2005 Qantas Jetstar Virgin Blue Gross $ 12.64 Billion $ 515.6 Million $ 1.76 Billions Exabit $ 1,121.7 Million $ 44.1 Million $ 570.1 Million Net Net income $ 763.6 Million Sodium $ 168.2 Millions Passengers Carried 32,658 Million gt ; 4 Million 10,484 Millions Employees gt ; 38,000 gt ; 1,200 gt ; 4000 Passenger Output 10.64 cents Sodium 10.47 cents Entire Cost per ASK Sodium 8.00 cents 7.66 cents Intangibles Strategy Launched no-frills LCC Jetstar Launch of int. LCC runing in Nov 2006 LCC, but now plans to draw concern riders Analyze through Porter s Five Force Model. Competitive competition Menace of new entryway Dickering power of clients Dickering power of providers Substitute merchandise 1 ) . Menace of New Entrance: New entry in to the market is hard state of affairs for any concern. While new companies come ining competition among companies would raise and it compelled to follow certain schemes. While Ozjet was runing in Australian industry some new air hose companies started its operations as good. Whenever there is better range for concern the possibility of new entryway is more and if the handiness of recognition is sound, companies would thirstily come in in to the market. Both factors are really good in Australia. Airline Company like REX entered market and made menace for Ozjet every bit good. A company which holding nice trade name name and good will can entice the clients even if there have menace from new entryway. 2 ) . Competitive competition: Competition from competitions are chief menace which any concern house traveling face of all time. There would hold batch of houses which bring forthing or serving same class of merchandises. To undertake with competition is chief challenge a concern house traveling to face. Equally far as Australian air hose industry is concerned, the degree of competition is really high. Outstanding air hose companies like Qantas, Jetstar and virgin Blue are set their criterion and trueness in the head of travellers. Ozjet is runing in this sort of tough scenario really. Ozjet has to explicate particular schemes to entice the travellers in Australia. There are a batch of air hose companies in Australia like REX, Air north and SkyWest. 3 ) . Dickering power of purchasers: When there is dickering power from purchasers company would hold to follow assorted schemes like monetary value cutting etc. Since the Australia air hose market is under oligopoly system there is no more bargaining power from purchasers. Because about all companies supplying same sort of services with same cost. More than this Australian travellers belongs more concern class of people they are really loyal to trade name line Qantas, Virgin Blue. So at that place non hold more bargaining power from the side of clients. 4 ) . Dickering power of providers: Smooth supply of stuff is needed any sort of concern. Equally far as air hose company is concerned oil and airdromes are of import supply. Ozjet had been confronting high degree of bargaining of providers. When the oil monetary value hiking happened, it faced a high deficit for oil. Ozjet besides find trouble to acquire airdromes for doing services to assorted parts of the state. It is so happened that handiness of supply is less in this field. ( John Masanaukas, March 9, 2004 ) . 5 ) . Utility merchandise: As Porter explains any merchandise would hold a menace from its replacement sort of merchandises. Like other states, in Australia besides there are replacement for flight such as Trams, Trains, Buses and autos. So Ozjet company confronting menace from this kind of replacement manner of conveyance available in Australia. But the instance is that for travellers like concern professionals, they are non taking any replacement of flights for their regular travel and all these replacements are affected by environmental alterations besides. Presentation1.jpg Internal environment analysis Internal environment involves company s internal facets which are under the control of the house such as clients, providers, aims of the house. Analysis of internal environment involves critically analysing about assorted strength and failings of the company that within the organisation. During the internal analysis of the company direction will come to cognize about the place of company that where we are standing right now. Now allow analyze assorted internal factors affected Ozjet Airline Company: Physical and technological: While talking approximately physical substructure and engineering of Ozjet Airline Company, they have good sort of materials. Very rapidly after its launch in 2005 started to service hired flights. Subsequently in 2008 they began to serve Being 737-300s and 737-400s which are more oil efficient. But that was excessively late to follow new engineering. They had a good Research and Development Department. They have got good office and mill substructure besides. Fiscal Ozjet had good fiscal capablenesss. But they have failed to use these capablenesss even though they have got good fiscal foundation as good. In March 2006, their president announced that Ozjet had made loss of about 10 million $ within this changeable span of clip. For accomplishing fiscal stableness they have sold all their involvement to an Australian cargo operator HeavyLift. In March 2006 they declared to discontinue all bing services. Brand Reputation Customers have more penchant on their loyal trade name. In air hose industry, travellers are taking more reputed trade name for their travel. In Australia more figure of travellers belong concern professionals. So repute of trade name is more of import to entice the travellers. A people study conducted in Australia shows that trade name name of Ozjet itself non giving attract. Brand does non giving a feel of premium merchandise. It is like a discounted flight. So it is clear that trade name repute of Ozjet in Australia is non good. Invention Invention of new thought is a large plus point or a turning point for any company. Before the rivals coming with new engineerings and thoughts we should comes look to follow latest thoughts. Equally far as Ozjet is concerned it developed new engineerings and inventions in the field but they were excessively late to follow these thoughts. Main competitions had adopted all these before they coming to patterns. Online ticket engagement system, flight package are illustrations of new engineerings in air hose field. Human factors Human resources are cardinal component of any organisation. Without holding a nice human squad in pattern, a house can non travel in front. It acts as a nervus system of concern. Human organisation of Ozjet was non bad. But their organized work does non happen any good consequence as much. They had to work like an oiled machine to accomplish the organisational end. Decision: Strengths and Weakness of Ozjet Ozjet had better fiscal background They have got better physical and substructure installations Ozjet received worst advertisement and selling schemes Marketing planning by the direction was really hapless Their trade name name and logo was non conveying a premium message Their invention squad was non much up to day of the month SWOT analysis of Ozjet Airline Company: Strength: Good Financial background. Better human resource. Good Physical installations. Technological improvement. Failing: Bad repute. Bad trade name name. Poor selling planning. Poor selling schemes. Poor client base. Poor clip programming. Opportunities: Better economic status of the state. Better demographic construction suitable for an air hose market. Fair socio-cultural factors of the state. Suitable political state of affairs of the state. Received compliment from authorities for advancing touristry. Technological promotion go oning in company every bit good as in the industry. Menaces: Cut pharynx competition from competitions like Qantas, Virgin Blue. Recent oil monetary value hiking. Attacks by terrorist. Wars and other planetary issues go oning among states. Substitute options available in the state. Dickering power of providers. New entryway to the market like REX. Why Ozjet has failed Australian air hose industry is one with which plagued by monetary value film editing and price reduction participants. There have crumpling client service and satisfaction. Ozjet has failed in Australian air hose industry. It is said that Ozjet started in 2006 and disappeared in 2007. Some of the reasoned behind failure of Ozjet was: Establishing season: The launching of Ozjet was in a pre Christmas season. This season was a holiday season as all the concern class of people traveling for leave. Ozjet had to do service with empty place which is terrific state of affairs for any air hose company. So launching clip of Ozjet becomes a ground for failure. Time Agenda: There were non many services for Ozjet across the state. Actually travellers want frequent travel as they are concern people. They do nt hold patients to burden following four or five hours in airdrome for flights since so many other services are available. Merchandise: Now a twenty-four hours, travellers are keener on the merchandise or service that they are traveling to devour. Flights like Boeing 737-200s was non a merchandise that giving more premium value to travellers. More latest and efficient flights are available now. Stigmatization: Travelers are more trade names loyal today. There have sentiments that the name Ozjet does non given an attractive feeling. And, the logo of the company was besides non good. Customers get a feel of a discounted merchandise. They want more premium merchandise now. Advertising A ; Placement: Advertising scheme of Ozjet was non superb. Ozjet s logo merely looks like skywriting. To entice more travellers from the Australian market, Ozjet had to make category advertisement schemes every bit good. Australia includes more concern travellers every bit good. Ozjet could non specialise on that class of people by following assorted positioning schemes. Lack of trueness strategies: Ozjet did non allowed such going strategies to travellers like frequent circular plans, club sofa etc. they could non do more confederation international bearers. Terminal entree: More than any other factors like invention, R A ; D etc. clients are looking for entire bundle upfront. In short, even Ozjet concern category could non contend with the Qantas domestic economic system category. By the above word merely thing is really clear. Suggestions Ozjet company launch timing was non good. They can do a launch after doing a comprehensive market analysis. They can re launch in market by following new trade name name and logo. They can regenerate their clip agenda by serving more flights. They can follow assorted advertisement and promotional schemes as good. They can do rhenium launching after more inventions and R A ; D. Flights should give more effectivity and certain criterions. Decision Ozjet is an Australian air hose company that launched in 2004 and ceased their operations within two old ages merely. Their failure caused by careful advertisement and placement schemes. Their flights were non more advanced and so they could non execute such an efficiency and criterions. In short, Ozjet s concern categories were non adequate criterions even to contend with Qantas domestic category.

Potent Warning On Smoking essays

Potent Warning On Smoking essays Smoking has been a controversial issue for many years now. Smoking is responsible for 87% of all lung cancer cases and 30% of all deaths from cancer. It also contributes to disease, stroke and lung diseases, some of the nations major killers. The only problem is that the society is uneducated to this information; and even if it is brought into the focus of a smoker it is often overlooked as some media hype. Recently, Brazil became the second country after Canada to have tobacco companies put graphic warnings on there packs of cigarettes. Graphic warnings on cigarette packs show the potential harmful effects of smoking; but some people think this idea of graphic warnings is ridiculous considering smoking is harmless. Before you side yourself with those people you should first realize the dangers of this addiction. As advertisements have shown on televised commercials smoking is a way to relax and to be cool by smoking cigarettes, they never show you the negative side of it. For example, addiction is one of the bad side effects and it is caused be nicotine. Once you inhale the cigarette you will then feel or want the need for another one, and you may have different personalities and change because of the addictions and some have succeeded while many have failed. People at a younger age start to get addicted by the nicotine in the cigarette and this is where the problem starts. About half of all smokers between the age 35 and 69 die while the new smokers replace them. Smokers could be losing an average of 20 to 25 years of their life. This number is of deaths is amazingly true and should be stopped as soon as possible. Not only do people die from smoking, but is has been recorded by MD Anderson Cancer Center that about 430,000 people die every year from smoking related problems. Secondhand smoke affects others as well as you. Even if you do not smoke, secondhand smoke also causes he ...

State Judicial Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

State Judicial Systems - Essay Example This is because helmets are said to reduce the number of brain injuries, lower the risks of cervical spine injury which can lead to paralysis and death when an accident occurs. Almost eighty percent of all motorcycle crashes lead to injuries or death. Head injury is the leading cause of these deaths (Gostin, 2008). However, in as much as there are many advantages of using a helmet, some few people, especially women passengers will not want to use it because of the fear of messing their expensive hairstyle. Skin deceases may also spread as a result of these helmets, but these few issues should not blind us from curbing the main cause problem which is death. When this bill will be passed into law, the law will influence people to use helmets and therefore reduce motorcycle fatalities. A bill requiring corporations that produce food or beverages for public consumption to place warning labels on products known to contain cancer causing agents should be passed into law. This should be in accordance to The Safe Drinking and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 which states that the warning must be placed on products containing lead and other hazardous substances found to cause cancer, birth defects and reproductive harm (Gostin, 2008). These warning labels will enable people to avoid those products that they perceive to cause problems with their health. In as much as most corporations will see this as a way of reducing their sales, the citizens of the nation have the right to correct the information. They should also make free decisions without influence from deceptive advertisement. The bill requiring couples to undergo twelve hours of psychological counseling before being given a marriage license is a good bill. Counseling to couples is important because it will open up their eyes on what is expected of them in marriage (Gallo, 2004). However, this bill can be inconveniencing to some people. Twelve hours of counseling is a lot of time and

Four Functions of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Four Functions of Management - Essay Example If we talk about planning from business point of view, we can say that planning not only includes setting measurable and realistic goals for the future but also includes development of strategies to meet those goals. For proper planning, managers need to consider many factors, such as, availability of resources, assessment of organizational environment, assessment of customers’ demands, future trends of the market, and proper use of capital. As Tatum (2011) states, â€Å"Like any type of business planning, project planning is about gaining the most benefit while making the wisest use of available resources† (p. 1). Proper planning provides many benefits to the organizations, such as, reduction of risks, completion of tasks within deadlines, avoidance of confusions, and correct use of resources. Organizing Organizing is the second function of management that means to organize different organizational activities in such a way that they work in a sequential manner. Once ma nagers are done with planning to do something, the need for organization of tasks and activities arises. Managers need to bring together all resources in such a way that they work in collaboration with each other to achieve desired goals. The function of organizing includes many core activities, such as, communicating goals to employees, identifying the resources, classifying the resources, assigning tasks to employees based on skills, and delegating the authorities. Leading Leading is the third function of management that comes after organization of tasks. It means to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals. The function of leading plays a critical role in ensuring success of a business by injecting the sense of responsibility and dedication in the minds of employees. Managers of large businesses play the role of leaders for their subordinates. The main objective of leading is to increase the level of employee productivity in order to increase the overall organizational productivity. Controlling Controlling is the last function of management and comes after managers are done with planning, organizing, and leading. This function is very critical in the success of any particular project because it deals with the assessment of the organizational performance and project related activities in order to know whether the performance and organizational activities are going in the right direction or they need some changes to produce desired results. Controlling in many organizations is viewed as a follow-up process in which managers compare planned set of actions and guidelines with the overall organizational or project-based performance to ensure proper alignment between the performance and organizational goals. ‘Systems Approach’ To Management The systems approach to management says that all systems are interrelated and work together to achieve any particular business goal or objective. The main concepts included in the systems approach to man agement include synergy, sub-system, open or closed system, feedback mechanisms, defined boundaries, input/output system, and consideration of the whole system. The systems approach to management puts a dynamic and influencing impact on the overall business. For example, it helps managers get an in-depth view of the business processes. Similarly, it helps in forecasting consequences of the planned actions. It also helps an organization

Classification According To Maturity Biology Essay

Classification According To Maturity Biology Essay INTRODUCTION The human eye is very nearly spherical, with a diameter of approximately 24 mm (nearly one inch). It consists of three concentric layers, each with its own characteristic appearance, structure and functions. From outermost to innermost, the three layers are the sclera, which protects the eyeball; the choroid, which nourishes the eyeball; and the retina, which detects light and initiates neural messages bound for the brain. The eye is partitioned into two chambers, a small anterior chamber and a larger vitreous chamber. Thus the basic layout consists of three concentric layers, two chambers, iris, pupil and the lens (Ross and wilson, 2001). Fig.1 Anatomy of the eye C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled1.png The Lens One of very important optical element of the eye, the crystalline lens, lies right behind the iris. The lens takes its name from its resemblance to a lentil, or bean. In adults, the lens is shaped about 9 mm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness. The lens consists of three distinct parts: an elastic covering, or capsule; an epithelial layer just inside the capsule; and the lens itself. The thin, elastic capsule around the lens has two jobs. First, it moderates the flow of aqueous humor into the lens, helping the lens retain its transparency to light. Second, the elastic capsule moulds the shape of the lens varying its flatness and, thereby, the lens optical power. This variant in optical power is called accommodation. Lens grows throughout the life span; the outer, epithelial layer of lens continues to produce protein fibres that are added to the surface of the lens. Consequently, those protein fibres nearest the centre of the lens are the oldest (some were present at birth), whereas the fibres on the outside are the youngest. Between birth and 90 years of age, the lens quadruples in thickness and attains a weight of 250 mg. In the centre of the lens, the old fibres become more densely packed, producing sclerosis, or hardening, of the lens (Paterson, 1979). For good vision, the lens must be transparent and light must be able to pass through it easily, without loss or deviation. Like the cornea, this transparency depends on the material out of which the lens is made. Of all the bodys parts, the lens has the highest percentage of protein, and its protein fibres are lined up parallel to one another, maximizing the lens transparency to light. Anything that disturbs this alignment such as excess fluid inside the lens reduces its transparency. An opacity (or reduced transparency) of the lens is called a cataract. While some cataracts are minor, barely reducing the transmission of light, others undermine vision to the extent of blindness (Kyselova, 2004). Cataract Cataract is the opacification and crystalline formation of eye lens, associated with the breakdown of the eye lens micro-architecture, which interferes with the transmission of light onto the retina. Several biochemical processes for example, calcium deposition, oxidative stress, phase transition, altered epithelial metabolism, crystalline precipitation, calpain-induced proteolysis and cytoskeletal loss takes place during the development of cataract (Moghaddam, 2005). Fig.2 Normal, clear lens Fig.3 Lens clouded by cataract C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled.png Fig.4 Etiology of cataract (Jacob, 1999) C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled.png TYPES OF CATARACT A. Acquired cataract 1. Age related cataract a) Morphological classification i) Subcapsular cataract Anterior subcapsular cataract mainly associated with fibrous metaplasia of the epithelium present below the lens capsule. Posterior subcapsular cataract lies just in front of the posterior capsule and a clear vacuolated, granular or plaque-like appearance. Near vision is also most often impaired more than distant vision. ii) Nuclear cataract usually begins as an amplification of the changes most often seen with normal aging lens nucleus. It is often related with increased spherical aberration and also with an increased refractive index leading to myopia. Some elderly patients may consequently be capable to read yet again without spectacles. iii) Cortical cataract may be associated with the anterior, posterior or equatorial cortex. The opacities begin as clefts and vacuoles between lens fibres because of hydration of the cortex. Both cortical and subcapsular cataracts are white on oblique illumination and show black colouration, silhouetted against the red reflex, on retroillumination. b) Classification according to maturity i) An immature cataract means partially opaque lens. ii) A mature cataract means completely opaque lens. iii) A hypermature cataract means the leakage of water from the lens it leads to wrinkled and shrunken anterior capsule. iv) A morgagnian cataract means the total liquefication of lens cortex like hypermature cataract and it allows the lens nucleus to shrink inferiorly (Hejtmancik, 2004). 2. Presenile cataract Cataract may develop early in the following conditions, a) Diabetes mellitus Typically diabetic cataract is rare. In hyperglycemic conditions, the aqueous humor secretes high level of glucose and this excess of glucose diffuses into the lens. Aldosereductase metabolises glucose to sorbitol, which then accumulates in the lens, resulting in secondary osmotic over hydration of the lens substance. Nuclear opacities are common and tend to grow rapidly. Premature dystrophy may be seen due to decreased pliability of the lens. b) Myotonic dystrophy About 90% of patients, in third decade have fine cortical iridescent opacities, which evolve into visually disabling stellate posterior subcapsular cataract by the fifth decade. c) Atopic dertmatitis About 10% of patients with severe atopic dermatitis develop cataracts in the second to fourth decades. The opacities are often bilateral and may mature quickly. Shield like anterior subcapsular plaque which wrinkles the anterior capsule is characteristic. Posterior subcapsular opacities resembling a complicated cataract may also occur. 3. Traumatic cataract Trauma is the major risk factor for unilateral cataract in individuals. The following risk factors are involved in traumatic cataract, a) Direct penetrating injury to the lens. b) Concussion may cause an imprinting of iris colour on the anterior lens capsule (Vossius ring) as flower shaped cortical opacities (rosette cataract). c) Electric shock and lightening are rare causes. d) Ionizing radiation. e) Infrared radiation- In glassblowers, the IR rays causes exfoliation of the lens capsule which results in thickening of the superficial portion of the capsule and it further splits the deeper layer and protrudes into the anterior chamber. B. Drug induced cataract a) Steroidal drugs may induce cataract. Initially the lens opacities formed in posterior subcapsular region spreads into the anterior region. The relation between dose, duration of administration and the cataract development is unclear. It is understood that children may be more at risk to the cataractogenic effects of systemic steroids and genetic susceptibility may also be of significance. Patients who develop lens physiological changes should have their dose decreased to a minimum, reliable with control of the underlying disease, and if feasible be considered for alternate drug therapy. Premature opacities may regress if therapy is discontinued, alternatively progression may occur despite withdrawn and warrant surgical intervention. b) Chlorpromazine may cause the deposit of innocuous fine, stellate, yellowish brown granules on the anterior lens capsule within the papillary area. The deposition of granular material may accumulate on the corneal endothelium and deep stroma. Both lenticular and corneal deposits are dose -related and irreversible. In very high doses (>2400 mg daily), this drug may cause retinotoxicity. c) Lens opacities may occur due to the irregular use of Busulphan (Myleran) for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia. d) Amiodarone, used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, causes visually inconsequential anterior subcapsular lens deposits in about 50% of patients on moderate to high doses. e) Gold used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, causes harmless anterior capsular deposits in about 50% of patients on treatment for more than 3 years. f) Allopurinol, used in the treatment of hyperuricaemia and chronic gout, increases the risk of cataract formation in elderly patients, if the cumulative does exceeds 400 g or duration of administration exceeds 3 years. C. Secondary cataract A secondary (complicated) cataract grows as a result of some other primary ocular diseases. i. Chronic anterior uveitis is the main cause of secondary cataract. The earliest finding is a polychromatic lustre at the posterior pole of the lens which may not progress if the uveitis is arrested. If the inflammation persists, posterior and anterior opacities developed may progress to maturity. ii. Acute congestive angle closure glaucoma may cause small grey white anterior, subcapsular or capsular opacities within the papillary area. a. Myopia (Pathological) is linked with posterior subcapsular lens opacities and early-onset nuclear sclerosis, which may ironically increase the myopic refractive error. Simple myopia, however, is not associated with such cataract formation. b. Hereditary dystrophies such as retinitis pigmentosa, gyrate atrophy, leper congenital amaurosis and stickler syndrome may be associated with posterior subcapsular lens opacities. Cataract surgery may occasionally improve visual acuity even in the presence of severe retinal changes (Kanski et al., 2003). Free radicals involved in cataractogenesis Free radicals may be formed either by the reduction of molecules by electron transfer or by the haemolytic cleavage of covalent bond. Both these reactions may be enzymatic or non-enzymatic. Due to the presence of an odd unpaired electron in its outermost orbital, these free radicals are unstable and readily react with neighbourhood molecules and extract electrons from them, converting the attacked molecule into a few radical, which in turn attacks another molecule generating more free radicals and so on. This enables free radicals to induce chain reactions that may be thousands of events long. A free radical reaction is terminated by reaction between two free radicals or neutralization by antioxidants (Uday et al., 1999). Fig.5 Pathways of ROS formation C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled 3.png Generation of free radicals Biological free radicals include reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, reactive sulphur species, free radicals obtained form xenobiotics. a) Superoxide anion radical (O2.-) It is generated from NADPH oxidase and from mitochondria. i) NADPH oxidase is present in the lysosomal cell membranes. It steals electron from O2 resulting in the formation superoxide anion radical (O ·2-). It is converted to hydrogen peroxide and is a spontaneous reaction which is known as respiratory burst. This hydrogen peroxide may react with the chlorine in the presence of myeloperoxidase to form hypochlorous acid or it may produce hydroxyl radicals, by the Fenton reaction which uses the metal ion Fe3+. ii) From Mitochondria: Ubiquionone, which is a terminal acceptor of electron, is converted to semiquinone (free radical). By reacting with O2, it forms (O ·2-) super oxide radical with H2O2, it produce hydroxyl radical ion. b) Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 SOD It is formed by the dismutation of superoxide by the enzyme superoxide dismutase. O · 2 + O ·2 Hydrogen peroxide is generated from i) Aminoacid oxidases: Flavin is a co-enzyme required for the oxidative deamination of amino acid. The reduced flavin attacks molecular oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide. ii) Xanthine oxidase: Xanthine oxidase catalyses the conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and hydrogen peroxide is released from molecular oxygen. iii) Peroxisomes: Peroxisomes is the site of  Ã‚ ¢-oxidation of fatty acids.  Ã‚ ¢- Oxidation of the fatty acids is catalysed by acetyl co-enzyme-A dehydrogenase. During this process, a co-enzyme called FAD which donates two electrons gets reduced to FADH2. Again it is converted to FAD. During that process it gives out O2 and H2O (Kovaceva et al., 2007). c) Hydroperoxyl radical They are highly lipophillic and capable of initiating lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation Lipid peroxidation is a self- perpetuating common process and involves the conversion of lipid components from cell organelles into lipid peroxides resulting in the formation of a pigment known as lipofuscin. Lysosomic reactive oxygen species are formed as a result of complex oxidative chain reactions in mitochondria during energy production. H2O2 formed in smaller amounts by mitochondria pass through walls of lysosome and react with Fe (II) in a reaction known as Fenton reaction to form potent hydroxyl radicals which cause lipid peroxidation (Halliwell, 2001). Malondialdehyde is the major reactive aldehyde resulting from the peroxidation of biological membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). MDA, a secondary product of LPO, is used as an indicator of tissue damage by a series of chain reactions. MDA is a by-product of prostaglandin biosynthesis. It reacts with thiobarbituric acid and produces a red-coloured product. MDA is a mutagenic and genotoxic agent that may contribute to d evelopment of human cancer. Ca2+ ATPase The Ca2+ ATPase is a transport protein in the cells that serves to eliminate calcium (Ca2+) from the cell. It is essential for maintaining the amount of Ca2+ within the cells. Based upon the electrochemical gradient calcium ion enter into the cells through the trans membrane. This process is important for the cell signalling by which it lowers calcium level. Thus it is necessary for the cell to utilize ion pumps to remove the Ca2+. The Ca2+ ATPase is expressed in a variety of tissues, together with the brain (Hightower et al., 1982). IN VIVO MODELS IN CATARACT (Gupta, 2004) 1. Sugar cataract i) Galactose induced cataract The changes associated with galactose cataractogenesis include the initial reduction of galactose into dulcitol through intervention of aldose reductase with NADPH as a co-factor. Accumulation of dulcitol in the lens, (since it is not metabolized) creates cellular hypertonicity associated with and/or followed by a cascade of events, which includes an influx of water, swelling of the lens fibres, epithelial cell edema, damage of plasma membrane, compromise of cellular permeability, a drop in myinositol level, a reduction in Na+ K+ ATPase activity an influx of Na+ and Cl- and an efflux of K+ and the loss of glutathione and aminoacids. These are the morphological, biochemical, enzymatic and molecular alterations in the lens associated with galactose cataracts. ii) Alloxan induced cataract Alloxan is a cyclic urea analog which is highly reactive molecule that is readily reduced to dialuric acid, which is then auto oxidized back to alloxan resulting in the formation of hydroxyl radical, O2.-, including H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). However, the other mechanism reveals the ability of alloxan to react with protein sulfhydryl groups on hexokinase, a signal recognition enzyme in the pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cells that couples changes in the blood glucose concentration to the rate of insulin secretion. By this mechanism, inhibition of glucokinase and other SH containing membrane proteins on the ÃŽ ²-cells would eventually result in cell necrosis within minutes. iii) Streptozocin induced cataract Diabetes related cataractogenic changes are seen in the animals injected with streptozocin. This streptozocin initiates cytotoxic action in pancreatic ÃŽ ² cells because sreptozocin contain glucose molecule and highly reactive nitrosourea side chain. It binds to the membrane receptor to generate structural damage. At the intracellular level three major phenomena are responsible for ÃŽ ² cell death, i) Methylation ii) Free radical production iii) Formation of Nitric oxide (NO). The damage caused to ÃŽ ² cells alters the sugar metabolism leading to diabetes. 2. Selenite induced cataract Selenite cataract resembles human cataract in many ways such as insoluble protein, vesicle formation, increased calcium, reduced glutathione (GSH) and decreased water-soluble proteins. However, selenite cataract shows no high molecular weight protein aggregation or increased disulfide formation and is dominated by rapid calpain-induced proteolytic precipitation, while senile cataracts may be produced by prolonged oxidative stress. 3. Naphthalene induced cataract Naphthalene is oxidized in the liver initially to an epoxide and then it converted into naphthalene dihydrodiol. This stable component is converted enzymatically into dihydroxynaphthalene to reaching the eye. Being unstable at physiological pH, 1, 2- dihydroxynaphthalene and spontaneously autooxidises to 1, 2- naphthoquinone and H2O2 . It alkylates proteins, glutathione and aminoacids and generates free radicals. 4. Glucocorticoid induced cataract Glucocorticoid cataract results in the formation of steroid- adduct protein, induction of transglutaminase and reduction of ATPase activity may lead to cataract. Steroid cataracts are produced by the activities of glucocorthicoids and progressed by way of production of oxidative stress similar to other types of cataract. 5. L- Buthionine S, R- Sulfoximine (BSO) induced cataract Glutathione is present in mammalian lens in high concentrations and is involved in the protection of lens against oxidation. In most of the cataracts the decrease in its level is observed. 6. Smoke induced cataract Cigarette smoke contains trace and heavy metals. The increased metal contents in lens cause lens damage by the mechanism of oxidative stress-forming oxygen radicals, via metal catalyzed Fenton Reaction. In other words cigarette smoke is associated with the accumulation of iron and calcium. 7. UV radiation induced cataract Epidemiological studies have exposed a link between exposure to UV radiation in sunlight and development of cataract. Experimental studies confirm that ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces cataract. There is, however, a lack of data on the age dependence in experimental UV radiation-induced cataract. 8. Microwave induced cataract Microwave radiation has been reported to produce posterior subcapsular and cortical cataracts in rabbits and dogs within a short span of time. 9. Transforming Growth Factor ÃŽ ² (TNFB) induced cataract TGFB is induced by injecting approximately 60 ng TGFB into the vitreous. TGFB induce lens epithelial cells to undergo molecular modify and abnormal morphologic that mimic the changes observed in human posterior subcapsular and cortical cataract (Gupta, 2004). IN VITRO MODELS IN CATARACT (Gupta, 2004) Induction of cataract in isolated animal lenses maintained in organ culture has become a convenient, quick and appropriate method for testing the anticataract efficacy of an agent. Opacification of lens is induced by generating oxidative stress/ hyperglycemic/ hypergalactosemic conditions around the lens by supplementing the culture medium with a variety of exogenous substances. 1. Oxidative stress induced cataract Oxidative mechanisms play an important role in many biological phenomena including cataract formation. Formation of the superoxide radical in the aqueous humor, lens and its derivatization to other potent oxidants may be responsible for initiating various toxic biochemical reactions leading to the progress of cataract. In vitro such cataracts are induced by agents like selenium, H2O2, photosensitizers and enzyme xanthine oxidase. 2. Selenite induced cataract In vitro cataract is produced by supplementing the tissue culture medium with 25 to 100 mM sodium selenite in which freshly enucleated transparent rat lenses are incubated at 370C. This causes membrane damage and faint cortical opacities within 24 h. 3. Photochemically induced cataract Riboflavin, a photosensitizer, is supplemented in the culture medium to induce cataract in cultured lenses. Micro quantities (4-200  Ã‚ ­M) of riboflavin lead to severe physiological damage and opacification within 24 h after exposure to light. The initial membrane damage is evidenced by a disturbed cation ratio between lens water and the medium of incubation. Riboflavin on getting photosensitized generates free radicals in a sequence of reactions. Lenses are maintained in organ culture for 24 to 72 h. The lenses are divided into four groups and incubated in the dark and light both in presence and absence of riboflavin. The lenses are exposed to light with two 15-w daylight fluorescent lamp placed at 8 inches above the cluster plate. The culture medium is replaced every 24 h. Riboflavin shows no effect on the lens in the absence of light, and light without riboflavin has no significant effect. opacification starts in the equatorial zone and gradually extends towards the centre of the lens. 4. Enzymatically induced cataract Supplementation of culture medium with 1 mM xanthine and 0.1 unit xanthine oxidase, which act as substrate and enzyme respectively, leads to generation of superoxide radical. The lenses suffer severe oxidative damage and turn opaque within 24 h when incubated in culture medium at 370C. 5. Hydrogen peroxide induced cataract Incubation of lenses in medium containing 50-500  Ã‚ ­M H2O2 and it produce cataract. Opacification starts in the equatorial region within 24 h. The entire superficial cortex becomes opaque by 96 h. Due to the high instability of H2O2, the medium is changed every 2 h during the first eight hours. 6. Sugar induced cataract Transparent and undamaged lenses are incubated in a basis culture medium with fetal calf serum for 24 to 48 h. In the control group the medium is supplemented with glucose (30 mM), lenses develop opacity in the subcapsular region on day 1 and in the central region on day 2. Biochemical analyses reveal raised polyol, malondialdehyde levels and water content, and decreased glutathione levels in these lenses. 7. Steroid induced cataract Steroid-induced experimental cataract is produced in vitro by incubating the transparent lenses in the medium containing methyl prednisolone (1.5 mg/ml). The test agent and methyl prednisolone added alone and together to the medium form drug control, control and treated groups respectively. Early cataract around the equator is produced within 24 h of incubation. Incubation period may be extended to 48 h for dense opacity. Morphological changes and modulation in biochemical parameters between the groups may show the potential of the anticataract agent. 8. Naphthalene induced cataract TC-199 medium is used for the preincubation of lens. Stock solution of napthalene dihydrodiol is prepared in 20% ethanol at 2.5-10-3 M concentration. The stock solution is diluted 1:100 to obtain the final concentration of 25.5 -10-5 M. The final osmolarity of the solution is 295-300 m Osmol. Rat lenses are incubated in TC-199 medium containing napthalene metabolite solution. Medium is renewed daily till 72 h. Lenses remain clear during the initial 24 h but from shell-like opacity around the nucleus by 48 h. Opacification becomes more peripheral and widespread after 72 h. At 48 h, under such conditions of incubation, development of opacity mimics the in vivo napthalene cataract. Naphthalene is oxidized in the liver first to an epoxide and then is altered into naphthalene dihydrodiol. This stable component on reaching the eye gets converted enzymatically to dihydroxynaphthalene. Being unstable at physiological pH, 1,2 dihydroxynapthalene sponaneously auto oxidises to 1,2 naphthoquinon e and H2O2. It alkylates proteins glutathione and amino acids and generates free radicals. There is a loss of protein thiol in this reaction and the products are less easily digestible by pancreatin than normal lens protein (Rees and Pirie, 1967). 9. Ca2+ induced cataract In this model, the control group contains the lenses incubated in the medium enriched with 20 mM Ca2+ or 1x 10-2 mM A23187 calcium ionopore. The treatment group lenses are cultured in the calcium and the test drug-containing medium. Incubation period can range from 24-72 h (Gupta, 2004). Fig.6 Mechanism of action of glucose-induced cataract C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled 7.png Under physiological conditions, glucose is metabolized through the glycolytic pathway. An excess amount of glucose is converted to sorbitol by enzyme aldose reductase via polyol pathway. The glucose conversion into sorbitol by utilizing NADPH results in the reduction of NADPH/NADP+. Moreover, sorbitol undergoes oxidation to fructose by using sorbitol dehydrogenase (SD). Sorbitol does not easily cross cell membrane. Intra lenticular accumulation of sorbitol, leads to lens damage (Kyselova, 2004). Fig.7 Biomorphological changes during cataract formation C:UsersDHINESHDesktopUntitled 66.png As, the lens starts to swell in response to the hyper osmotic effects of polyol accumulation, membrane permeability changes resulting in an increase in lenticular sodium and decrease in the levels of lenticular potassium, reduced glutathione, ATP and free amino acids. The overall antioxidant status of the lens decreases because of depletion of GSH (Kyselova, 2004). Mechanism of action of calcium-induced cataract Fig.8 Calcium transport pathway Increased levels of lenticular calcium activate calcium dependent proteases. The activated proteases hydrolyze cytoskeletal proteins and lens crystalline. Crystalline cleavage would result from lower molecular weight peptides that could, in turn, aggregate to form higher molecular weight proteins (Wang et al., 1996). Various methods for the prevention of cataract The development of newer drugs for treatment of cataract mainly aims, interacting at the level of changed lens metabolism and lens pathophysiology. The in vitro, in vivo studies are used to identify the anti cataract agents. This epidemiological studies may be widely classified in the following categories (Gupta et al., 1997). Aldose reductase inhibitors Agents acting on glutathione Nonsteroidal anti -inflammatory drugs Vitamins, minerals and antioxidants Miscellaneous agents. 1) Aldose Reductase Inhibitors These drugs are aimed to prevent the metabolic dysfunctions of diabeties by polyol pathways. Aldose reductase inhibitors prevents the accumulation of sorbital within the lens would have an osmotic effect bringing in water and causing swelling and opacification. Sorbinil a spirohydantoin became the most powerful sorbitol lowering agent. Sorbinil prevents increased fluorescence and protein aggregation and it also acts as an antioxidant. 2) Non Steroidal Anti inflammatory Drugs The NSAIDS broadly studied are paracetamol, aspirin, Ibuprofen, sulindac, naproxen, and bendazec. The NSAIDS provide adequate productive effect to lens protein through various steps like acylation, carbamylation and inhibition of glycocylation. Some of them are also reported to inhibit lens AR to varying extent. NSAIDS contains antioxidant properties also. Most of the studies on the evaluation of anticataract potential of drugs have been conducted by feeding the drugs by oral route. 3) Agents which act on glutathione Glutathione is a tripeptide thiol known to control calcium inflex and protect lens protein from various agents like glucose and galactose. With advancing of age there is a considerable decrease in the concentration of glutathione and the decrease more prominent in lens with cataract. 4) Vitamins, minerals and antioxidants If oxidation in lens leads to cataract formation, then is feasible to prevent it by the use of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E and perhaps ÃŽ ²-carotene. The potential role of vitamins and antioxidants in preventing various diseases is well documented there are reports suggesting beneficial effect of vitamins like C and E in preventing cataract. Beta -carotene has also been demonstrated to protect lens damage by hematoporphysin. Ascorbate protects rubidium uptake against free radical damage and prevents light induced protein cross linking. Protective effect of vitamin C has been also reported in various in vitro studies. Vitamin E has been found to delay cataractogenesis in diabetic rats and in Emory mouse. Vitamins C and E,  Ã‚ ¢- Carotene and other anticataract agents probably act via a common mechanism of their scavenging properties of free radicals (Gupta et al., 1997b). Antioxidant enzymes 1) Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) SODs are a family of metalloenzymes that transfer superoxide in to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and represents the first line of defence against oxygen toxicity. 2O2- + 2H → H2O2 + O2 Three isoforms of SOD have been found. The first is mainly found in the cytoplasm of cells and it containing Cu and Zn at its active site (Cu/Zn SOD-1), the second containing Mn at its active site is located in mitochondria (Mn SOD-2) and the third (Cu/Zn SOD-3) is present in the extracellular fluid like plasma. SOD is a stress protein which is synthesized mostly in response to oxidative stress. It is found that little amount of Cu, Zn and Mn metals are crucial for maintaining the antioxidant activity of SOD (Halliwell, 1994; Ray and Husain, 2002). 2) Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) GPx is one of the most important enzymes responsible for the degradation of organic peroxides and hydrogen peroxide in the brain. GPx catalyse the oxidation of GSH to GSSG at the expense of H2O2. There are two isoforms have been identified, selenium-dependent which is highly active towards H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides and selenium independent GPx. GPx activity has been reduced in selenium deficiency (Muller et al., 1984; Son et al., 2007). 3) Catalase (CAT) It is a heme-containing protein present in most cells. 2H2O2+ 2H2O → O2 Catalase is 104 times faster than GPx. It is having four protein subunits, each containing a heme Fe (III)-protoporphyrin group bound to its active site. GPx and CAT were found to be important in the inactivation of many environmental mutagens (Ray and Husain, 2002). 4) Glutathione (GSH) GSH has major intracellular antioxidant molecule and it is a tripeptide synthesised by enzymatic reaction involving two molecules of ATP from aminoacids like glutamate, glycine and cysteine. It plays a very crucial role in detoxification of peroxides and electrophilic toxins, mainly by acting as a substrate for GSH transferase and GSH peroxidase. It was shown that weakening of GSH enhances cerebral ischemic injury in rats (Mizui et al., 1992; Son et al., 2007).